İngilizce öğreten blog, ingilizce ders pratik, konuşma, hızlı öğrenme ve tüm konular ve chat muhabbet ile pekiştirme hepsi bu blogda ;)
Cümle Yapısı
Olumlu cümle :
Özne ( Subject) + Fiil ( Verb ) + ( - s / -es ) + Nesne ( Object)
Olumsuz cümle :
Özne ( Subject) + ( -do / - does ) + not + Fiil ( Verb ) + ( - s / -es ) + Nesne ( Object)
Soru Cümlesi :
( -do / - does ) + Özne ( Subject) + Fiil ( Verb ) + Nesne ( Object)
Türkçedeki geniş zaman karşılığıdır.
Olumlu cümle :
Özne ( Subject) + ( - am / is / are ) + Fiil ( Verb ) + ( - ing ) + Nesne ( Object)
Olumsuz cümle :
Özne ( Subject) + ( - am / is / are ) + not + Fiil ( Verb ) + ( - ing ) + Nesne ( Object)
Soru cümlesi :
( - am / is / are ) + Özne ( Subject) + Fiil ( Verb ) + ( - ing ) + Nesne ( Object)
Türkçedeki şimdiki zamanın karşılığıdır.
Cümle Yapısı
Olumlu cümle :
özne + ( - have / has ) + fiil + ( - ed ) + nesne for regular verbs
veya
özne + ( - have / has ) + fiil 3 + nesne for irregular verbs
Olumsuz cümle :
özne + ( - have / has ) + not + fiil + ( - ed ) + nesne for regular verbs
veya
özne + ( - have / has ) + not + fiil 3 + nesne for irregular verbs
Soru cümlesi :
( - have / has ) + özne + fiil + ( - ed ) + nesne for regular verbs
veya
( - have / has ) + özne + fiil 3 + nesne for irregular verbs
1- Yakın zamanda yapılmış aktiviteler ( recently completed actions )
Örnek ( example ) : She has dyed her hair brown.( is now dyed brown -evedence in the present )
2- Geçmişte yapılmış ama bugünle bağlantılı aktiviteler için ( complete past actions connected to the present eith stated or unstated time reference )
Örnek ( example ) : She has bought a car.( Now she owns a car )
She has just returned from Roma .( stated time reference )
3- Kişisel deneyimler ve değişimler için ( personal experiences , changes which have happened )
Örnek ( example ) : I have lost weight recently .
4- Sayısal vurgulamalar için ( emphasis on number )
Örnek ( example ) : We have seen three films this week.
She has had four cups of coffee since she woke up.
Present Perfect Tense için sıklıkla kullanılan zarflar şunlardır :
just , ever , never , already , yet ( negative or question ) , always , how long , so far , recently , since ( from a starting point in the past ) , for ( over a period of time )
Cümle Yapısı
Olumlu cümle :
özne + ( - have / has ) been + fiil + ( -ing ) + nesne
Olumsuz cümle :
özne + ( - have / has ) + not + been + fiil + ( -ing ) + nesne
Soru cümlesi :
( - have / has ) + özne + been + fiil + ( -ing ) + nesne
Türkçede tam bir karşılığı yoktur. Geçmiş bir tarihte başlayıp, konuşulan ana kadar devam etmiş ve gelecekte de devam edecek gibi görülen olayları anlatmakta kullanılır.
Aşağıdaki durumlar için kullanılır :
1- Geçmişte başlayan ve günümüzde devam etmekte olan aktiviteler için ( actions started in the past and continuing up to the present )
Örnek ( example ) : He has been doing her homework for an hour. ( he started an hour ago and he is still doing it )
2- Gözle görülebilir sonuçları olan , geçmişte belirli bir süreyi kapsayan hareketler için ( past actions of certain duration having visible results or effects in the present )
Örnek ( example ) : She has been running .That's why she's out of breath.
3- Kızgınlık , eleştiri vbz. durumlar için ( the express anger ,irritation , annoyance ,explanation or criticism )
Örnek ( example ) :She has been using my make up. ( annoyance )
Present Perfect Continuous Tense için sıklıkla kullanılan zarflar :
just , ever , never , already , yet ( negative or question ) , always , how long , so far , recently , since ( from a starting point in the past ) , for ( over a period of time )
Olumlu cümle :
özne + will + fiil + nesne
Olumsuz cümle :
özne + won't + fiil + nesne
Soru cümlesi :
will + özne + fiil + nesne
1- Konuşma anında alınan karaları anlatmak için ( decisions taken at the moment of speaking - on the spot decisions )
Örnek ( example ) : I'm hungry.I will cook something to eat.
2- Ümit , korku , teklif , özür , uyarı , koruma vbz. eylemleri anlatmak için , belirli kelimeler eşliğinde ; hope , believe , I'm sure etc ( hopers , fears , threats , offers , promises , warnings , predictions , requests,comments etc. , especially with : expect , hope , believe , I'm sure , I'm afraid , probably etc.)
Örnek ( example ) : I promise I will be on time.
3- Kontrolümüz dışında gelişecek , sonlanacak olumlu veya olumsuz eylem ve durumlar anlatmak için( actions or predictions which may ( not ) happen in tne future or actions which we cannot control and will inevitably
happen )
Örnek ( example ) : He will probably pass his exams.
Summer will be here soon.
4- Henüz karar verilmemiş , emin olunmayan bir konu hakkında konuşurken ( things we are not yet sure about or we haven't decided to do yet )
Örnek ( example ) : Perhaps I will move house.
Future Simple Tense ile sıklıkla kullanılan zarflar :
tomorrow , tonight , next week / month , in two / three etc. days , the day after tomorrow , soon , in a week / month etc.
Cümle Yapısı
Olumlu cümle :
özne + ( - am / is / are ) + going to + fiil + nesne
Olumsuz cümle :
özne + ( - am / is / are ) + not + going to + fiil + nesne
Soru cümlesi :
( - am / is / are ) + özne + going to + fiil + nesne
Türkçedeki gelecek zamanın karşılığıdır.
Aşağıdaki durumlar için kullanılır :1- Yakın gelecekte yapmayı planladığımız , niyetlenilen eylemleri anlatmak için ( actions intented to be performed in the near future )
Örnek ( example ) : I am going to join a gym on Saturday.
2- Planlı eylemleri anlatmak için ( planned actions or intentions )
Örnek ( example ) : Now that she's passed her exams she's going to train to be a solicitor.
3- Yakın gelecekte kesinlikle olacağına dair kanıtları olan olayları anlatmak için ( evidence that something will definitely happen in the near future )
Örnek ( example ) : Those dark clouds mean ıt's going to rain soon.
4 - Hakkında emin olduğumuz şeyler ya da halihazırdayapmaya karar aldığımız yakın gelecek eylemlerini anlatmak için ( things we are sure about or we have already decided to do in the near future )
Örnek ( example ) : They are going to operate on his leg.
Cümle Yapısı
Olumlu cümle :
özne + will be + verb + ( - ing ) + nesne
Olumsuz cümle :
özne + won't be + verb + ( - ing ) + nesne
1- Gelecektede halen devam ediyor olacak durumlar için kullanılır ( actions in progress at a stated future time )
Örnek ( example ) : This time next year she 'll be running her own business.
2- Rutinin parçası olarak gelecekte devam edecek eylemler için kullanılır ( actions which are the result of routine )
Örnek ( example ) :I'll be tennis on Sunday. ( I play tennis every Sunday -IT'S PART OF MY ROUTİNE )
Cümle Yapısı
Olumlu cümle :
özne + will have + fiil 3 + nesne
Olumsuz cümle :
özne + won't have + fiil 3 + nesne
1- Gelecekte belirli bir zaman ya da harekete kadar tamamlanmış olacak eylemler için ( action finished before a stated future time )
Örnek ( example ) : They will have emigrated to Paris by Christmas.
Future Perfect Tense ile sıklıkla kullanılan zarflar :
by......for
Cümle Yapısı
Olumlu cümle :
özne + will have been + fiil + ( -ing ) + nesne
Olumsuz cümle :
özne + won't have been + fiil + ( -ing ) + nesne
Soru cümlesi :
will + özne + have been + fiil + ( -ing ) + nesne
Bazen yazı dilinde kullanılan bir tense'dir .
Aşağıdaki durumlar için kullanılır :
1- Gelecekte belirli bir zamana ya da harekete kadar tamamlanmış ancak sürekli olmuş bir eylem için ( duration of an action up to a certain time in the future )
Örnek ( example ) : By his sixtieth birthday he will have been teaching for 35 years .
Olumlu cümle :
Özne + fiil 2 + nesne
Olumsuz cümle :
Özne + ( - did ) + not + fiil + nesne
Soru cümlesi :
( - did ) + özne + fiil + nesne
1- Geçmişte birbirinin peşisıra olmuş eylem ve olayları anlatmak için ( past actions which happened one immediately after the other )
Örnek ( example ) : She woke up , got out of bed and made a cup of coffee.
2- Geçmişteki alışkanlık ya da durumları anlatmak için ( past habit or state )
Örnek ( example ) : He rode his bike to school every day when he was a child .
3- Geçmişte sadece sözle belirtilmiş yada ima edilmiş , günümüzle bağlantısı bulunmayan olayları anlatmak için ( complete past actions not connected to the present with a stated or implied time reference )
The Simple Past Tense için sıklıkla kullanılan zarflar :
Olumlu cümle :
özne + ( - was / were ) + fiil + ( - ing ) + nesne
Olumsuz cümle :
özne + ( - was / were ) + not + fiil + ( - ing ) + nesne
Soru cümlesi :
( - was / were ) + özne + fiil + ( - ing ) + nesne
1- Belirli bir geçmiş zamanda oluş süreci nin tam ortasındaki olay yada eylemleri anlatmak için ( action in the middle of happening at a state past time )
Örnek ( example ) : This time last week I was travelling across Africa.
2- Oluşu sırasında başka bir geçmiş eylem tarafından müdahale edilen geçmişteki bir eylemi anlatmak için( past action in progress interrupted by another past action.)
Past Continuous taki eylem ne kadar uzunsa , Past Simple daki eylem o kadar kısa olur (The longer action is in the past continuous ,the shorter action is in the past simple )
Örnek ( example ) : I was taking a shower when I heard the telephone ring.
3- Belirli bir zamn süresini kapsayan ve aynı anda gerçekleşmiş bir veya daha fazla eşzamanlı eylemi anlatmak için (two or more simultaneous past actions of certain duration )
Örnek ( example ) : I was washing up while he was drying the dishes.
Past Simple Tense için sıklıkla kullanılan zarflar :
while , when , as , the moment that etc.
Olumlu cümle :
özne + had + fiil 3 + nesne
Olumsuz cümle :
özne + had + not + fiil 3 + nesne
Soru cümlesi :
had + özne + fiil 3 + nesne
Aşağıdaki durumlar için kullanılır :
1- Geçmişte hangi eylemin diğerinden önce olduğunu belirtmek ya da hangi eylemin hangi durumdan önce olduğunu belirtmek için ( past action which occured before another action or before a stated past time )
Örnek ( example ) : By his second day at camp he had made several friends.
2- Geçmişte eylemin tamamlayıcısı olarak ortaya çıkan gözle görülebilir sonuçları anlatmak için ( complete past action which had visible results in the past )
Örnek ( example ) : She felt much safer after she had locked all the doors.
3- Present Perfect in geçmiş eşdeğeri olarak Past Perfect kullanılır ( the Past Perfect is the past equivalent of the Present Perfect )
Örnek ( example ) : The room was empty - everyone had gone out.
Past Perfect Tense için sıklıkla kullanılan zarflar :Cümle Yapısı
Olumlu cümle :
özne + had been + fiil + ( - ing ) + nesne
Olumsuz cümle :
özne + had + not + been + fiil + ( - ing ) + nesne
1- Geçmişte belirli bir zaman içinde devam eden eylemler anlatmak için( action continuing over a period up to a spesific time in the past )
Örnek ( example ) : She had been saving for a whole year before she bought her ticket to Roma.
2-( past action of certain duration which had visible results in the past )
Örnek ( example ) : He had been shouting so loudly that he had a sore throat.
3- Present Continuous un geçmiş eşdeğeri Past Perfect Continuous tur.( the Past Perfect Continuous is the past equivalent of the Present Continuous )
Örnek ( example ) : The party was a great success because he had been preparing for it all week.
Present Perfect Continuous Tense için sıklıkla kullanılan zarflar :
for , since
THE INFINITIVE AND - ing FORMS / MASTAR
1- INFINITIVE ( Mastar )
Fiilin mastar hali infinitive'dir. Fiil önüne to alır.
a- Belirli fiilllerden sonra infinitivite ( infinitive after certain verbs )
Bazı belirli fiillerden sonra sadece infinitive kullanılır.
| to agree | anlaşmak | to promise | söz vermek |
| to arrange | düzenlemek | to hope | ümit etmek |
| to decide | karar vermek | to offer | teklif etmek |
| to plan | planlamak | to prepare | hazırlamak |
| to refuse | reddetmek | to seem | gözükmek |
| to volunter | gönüllü olmak | to manage | başarmak |
Örnekler ( examples ) :
Marry agrred to sell her car.
I decided not to see him any more.
She refused to make a speech.
I hope to see you soon.
Marry offered to help with the dishes.
Helen promised to come early.
He managed to finish the job on time.
They plan to leave the house tonight.
Tom doesn't seem to understand me.
b- Bazı belirli fiillerden sonra -ing veya infinitive kullanılabilir
| to allow | izin vermek | to advise | tavsiye etmek |
| to dislike | sevmemek | to neglect | ihmal etmek |
| to hate | nefret etmek | to prefer | tercih etmek |
| to intend | niyet etmek | to remember | hatırlamak |
| to like | sevmek | to start | başlamak |
| can't stand | katlanamamak | can't bear | dayanamamak |
| to begin | başlamak | to continue | devam etmek |
Örnekler ( examples ) :
to begin
She began to talk loudly.
She began talking loudly.
to continue
I will continue to take private lessons.
I will countinue taking private lessons.
Bir Gerun fiilin sonuna - ing eklenerek türetilir.Fiil isimleştirilmiş olur ve isim gibi görev yapar.Cümlede özne ya da nesne olarak kullanılabilir.
Örnek ( example ) :
| to walk | yürümek |
| walking | yürüyüş , yürüme |
| Özne olarak kullanımı : | Walking is a good exercise. |
| Nesne olarak kullanımı : | I like walking. |
a- Belirli fiillerden sonra - ing ( gerund ). 8 Gerund after certain verbs )
| to admit | itiraf etmek | to finish | bitirmek |
| to appreciate | takdir etmek | to imagine | hayal etmek |
| to remeber | hatırlamak | to avoid | sakınmak |
| to keep | tutmak | to resent | kızmak |
| to consider | dikkate almak | to miss | özelmek |
| to delay | geciktirmek | to postpone | ertelemek |
| to deny | inkar etmek | to practise | uygulamak |
| to stop | durmak | to discuss | tartışmak |
| to quite | bırakmak | to suggest | fikir vermek , önermek |
| to enjoy | hoşlanmak | to recall | hatırlamak |
Örnekler ( examples ) :
The girl admitted stealing the money.
I consider living in the country.
He denied cheating on the exam.
I miss walking in the garden.
b- - ing alan belirli deyimler ( some certain expressions taking - ing )
| to give up | vazgeçmek , bırakmak |
| to be opposed to | karşı olmak |
| to look forward to | dört gözle beklemek , iple çekmek |
| to be interested in | ilgi duymak |
| to go on | devam etmek |
| to keep on | devam etmek |
| to be afraid of | birşeyden korkmak |
| to be bad / good at | bir şeyde kötü / iyi olmak |
Örnekler ( examples ) :
We are looking forward to seeing you.
She is afraid of hurting Bob's feelings.
Ellen always keep on telling the same story.
I am interested in buying a car.
I am good at learning English.
| Infinitive | Past | Past Participle |
| A | ||
| arise | arose | arisen |
| awake | awoke/ awakened | awoken |
|
|
||
| B | ||
| be | was / were | been |
| bear | bore | born / borne |
| beat | beat | beaten / beat |
| become | became | become |
| befall | befell | befallen |
| begin | began | begun |
| behold | beheld | beheld |
| bend | bent | bent |
| bet | bet / betted | bet / betted |
| bid | bid | bid |
| bind | bound | bound |
| bite | bit | bitten |
| bleed | bled | bled |
| blow | blew | blown |
| break | broke | broken |
| breed | bred | bred |
| bring | brought | brought |
| broadcast | broadcast | broadcast |
| browbeat | browbeat | browbeat |
| build | built | built |
| burn | burnt/ burned | burnt/burned |
| burst | burst | burst |
| bust | busted/ bust | busted/ bust |
| buy | bought | bought |
|
|
||
| C | ||
| cast | cast | cast |
| catch | caught | caught |
| choose | chose | chosen |
| cling | clung | clung |
| come | came | come |
| cost | cost | cost |
| creep | crept | crept |
| cut | cut | cut |
|
|
||
| D | ||
| deal | dealt | dealt |
| dig | dug | dug |
| dive | dived | dived |
| dive | dove | dived |
| do | did | done |
| draw | drew | drawn |
| dream | dreamt/ dreamed | dreamt/ dreamed |
| drink | drank | drunk |
| drive | drove | driven |
| dwell | dwelt/ dwelled | dwelt/ dwelled |
|
|
||
| E | ||
| eat | ate | eaten |
|
|
||
| F | ||
| fall | fell | fallen |
| feed | fed | fed |
| feel | felt | felt |
| fight | fought | fought |
| find | found | found |
| fit (to be right size) | fit | fit |
| fit (to tailor, change size) | fit/ fitted | fit/ fitted |
| flee | fled | fled |
| fling | flung | flung |
| fly | flew | flown |
| forbid | forbade | forbidden |
| forecast | forecast | forecast |
| forego (also forgo) | forewent | foregone |
| foresee | foresaw | foreseen |
| foretell | foretold | foretold |
| forget | forgot | forgotten |
| forgive | forgave | forgiven |
| forsake | forsook | forsaken |
| freeze | froze | frozen |
|
|
||
| G | ||
| get | got | gotten/ got |
| give | gave | given |
| go | went | gone |
| grind | ground | ground |
| grow | grew | grown |
|
|
||
| H | ||
| hang | hung | hung |
| have | had | had |
| hear | heard | heard |
| hide | hid | hidden |
| hit | hit | hit |
| hold | held | held |
| hurt | hurt | hurt |
|
|
||
| I | ||
| input | input | input |
| inset | inset | inset |
| interbreed | interbred | interbred |
| interweave | interwove | interwoven |
|
|
||
| K | ||
| keep | kept | kept |
| kneel | knelt/ kneeled | knelt/ kneeled |
| knit | knit/ knitted | knit/ knitted |
| know | knew | known |
|
|
||
| L | ||
| lay | laid | laid |
| lead | led | led |
| lean | leaned/ leant | leaned/ leant |
| leap | leapt/ leaped | leapt/ leaped |
| learn | learned/ learnt | learned/ learnt |
| leave | left | left |
| lend | lent | lent |
| let | let | let |
| lie | lay | lain |
| light | lit / lighted | lit / lighted |
| lose | lost | lost |
|
|
||
| M | ||
| make | made | made |
| mean | meant | meant |
| meet | met | met |
| mishear | misheard | misheard |
| mislay | mislaid | mislaid |
| mislead | misled | misled |
| misread | misread | misread |
| misspell | misspelled/ misspelt | misspelled/ misspelt |
| mistake | mistook | mistaken |
| misunderstand | misunderstood | misunderstood |
| mow | mowed | mowed/ mow |
|
|
||
| O | ||
| outbid | outbid | outbid |
| outdo | outdid | outdone |
| outgrow | outgrew | outgrown |
| outrun | outran | outrun |
| outsell | outsold | outsold |
| overcast | overcast | overcast |
| overcome | overcame | overcome |
| overdo | overdid | overdone |
| overdraw | overdrew | overdrawn |
| overeat | overate | overeaten |
| overhang | overhung | overhung |
| overhear | overheard | overheard |
| overlay | overlaid | overlaid |
| overlie | overlay | overlain |
| overpay | overpaid | overpaid |
| override | overrode | overridden |
| overrun | overran | overrun |
| oversee | oversaw | overseen |
| oversell | oversold | oversold |
| overshoot | overshot | overshot |
| oversleep | overslept | overslept |
| overtake | overtook | overtaken |
| overthrow | overthrew | overthrown |
|
|
||
| P | ||
| partake | partook | partaken |
| pay | paid | paid |
| plead | pled/ pleaded | pled/ pleaded |
| pre-set | pre-set | pre-set |
| proofread | proofread | proofread |
| prove | proved | proven/ proved |
| put | put | put |
|
|
||
| Q | ||
| quit | quit / quitted | quit / quitted |
|
|
||
| R | ||
| read | read | read |
| rebind | rebound | rebound |
| rebuild | rebuilt | rebuilt |
| recast | recast | recast |
| redo | redid | redone |
| re-lay | re-laid | re-laid |
| remake | remade | remade |
| repay | repaid | repaid |
| rerun | reran | rerun |
| resell | resold | resold |
| reset | reset | reset |
| rethink | rethought | rethought |
| rewind | rewound | rewound |
| rewrite | rewrote | rewritten |
| rid | rid | rid |
| ride | rode | ridden |
| ring | rang | rung |
| rise | rose | risen |
| run | ran | run |
|
|
||
| S | ||
| say | said | said |
| see | saw | seen |
| seek | sought | sought |
| sell | sold | sold |
| send | sent | sent |
| set | set | set |
| sew | sewed | sewn/ sewed |
| shake | shook | shaken |